1	Risk & Protective Factors Hawkins & Catalano Michael R. Carpenter, Ph.D, LPC, CP IV mrcarpen@aol.com
2	Risk Factors in Key Systems School Negative school climate School policy not defined/enforced Availability of ATOD Transition between schools Academic failure Lack of student involvement Labeling/identifying high risk students Truancy and suspension
3	Risk Factors in Key Systems Individual/Peers Early antisocial behavior Alienation & rebelliousness Favorable attitudes toward drug use Early first use Greater influence by and reliance on peers than parents Friends who use ATOD
4	Risk Factors in Key Systems Family Management problems - Unclear expectations for behavior - Lack of monitoring - Inconsistent or harsh discipline - Lack of bonding and caring - Marital conflict Condoning teen use of ATOD Parental misuse of ATOD Low expectations of children’s success Family history of alcoholism
5	Risk Factors in Key Systems Community Economic and social deprivation Low neighborhood attachment Community disorganization Lack of employment opportunities Lack of youth involvement Easy availability of ATOD Community norms and laws favorable to misuse
6	Grouping High-Risk Youth for Prevention May Harm More Than Help National Institute on Drug Abuse 11 to 14 year olds at high risk for drug abuse and delinquency who were grouped together for a 12-week program designed to reduce problem behavior actually increased their levels of self-reported delinquency over three years.
7	Protective Factors in Key Systems School Expresses high expectations Encourages goal setting and mastery Staff views itself as nurturing caretakers Encourages prosocial development Provides leadership and decision making opportunities Fosters active involvement of students Trains teachers in social development & cooperative learning Involves parents Provides ATOD free alternative activities
8	Protective Factors in Key Systems Individual/Peers Involved in drug-free activities Respects authority Bonded to conventional groups Appreciates the unique talent that each person brings to the group
9	Protective Factors in Key Systems Family Seeks prenatal care Develops close bonding with child Values and encourages education Manages stress well Spends quality time with children Uses a high warmth/low criticism parenting style Has clear expectations Encourages supportive relationships with caring adults beyond family Shares family responsibilities
10	Protective Factors in Key Systems Community Norms and public policies support non-use among youth Provides access to resources Provides supportive networks and social bonds Involves youth in community service
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